Research and Scholarship

By Michael Hawkins, Ph.D., Author, Scholar, Podcaster, and Consultant

Books By Michael Hawkins, Ph.D.

Semi-Civilized: The Moro Village at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Ithaca: NIU Press, and imprint of Cornell University Press, 2020.

Semi-Civilized offers a concise, revealing, and analytically penetrating view of a critical period in Philippine history. Michael C. Hawkins examines Moro (Filipino Muslim) contributions to the Philippine exhibit at the St. Louis World’s Fair in 1904, providing insight into this fascinating and previously overlooked historical episode.

By reviving and contextualizing Moro participation in the exposition, Hawkins challenges the typical manifestations of empire drawn from the fair and delivers a nuanced and textured vision of the nature of American imperial discourse. In Semi-Civilized Hawkins argues that the Moro display provided a distinctive liminal space in the dialectical relationship between civilization and savagery at the fair. The Moros offered a transcultural bridge. Through their official yet nondescript designation as “semi-civilized,” they undermined and mediated the various binaries structuring the exposition. As Hawkins demonstrates, this mediation represented an unexpectedly welcomed challenge to the binary logic and discomfort of the display.

As Semi-Civilized shows, the Moro display was collaborative, and the Moros exercised unexpected agency by negotiating how the display was both structured and interpreted by the public. Fairgoers were actively seeking an extraordinary experience. Exhibit organizers framed it, but ultimately the Moros provided it. And therein lay a tremendous amount of power.

Semi-Civilized: The Moro Village at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Making Moros: Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South

Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2013. [reprinted in the Philippines by Anvil Publishing Inc., 2015]

Making Moros offers a unique look at the colonization of Muslim subjects during the early years of American rule in the southern Philippines. Hawkins argues that the ethnological discovery, organization, and subsequent colonial engineering of Moros was highly contingent on developing notions of time, history, and evolution, which ultimately superseded simplistic notions about race. He also argues that this process was highly collaborative, with Moros participating, informing, guiding, and even investing in their configuration as modern subjects.

Drawing on a wealth of archival sources from both the United States and the Philippines, Making Moros presents a series of compelling episodes and gripping evidence to demonstrate its thesis. Readers will find themselves with an uncommon understanding of the Philippines’ Muslim South beyond its usual tangential place as a mere subset of American empire.

Making Moros: Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South

Filipino Tapestry: Language Through Culture, co-authored with Rhodalyne Gallo-Crail

Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012

A new language textbook that provides a cultural immersion experience

An official language of the Philippines, Filipino is based on Tagalog, with elements of Spanish, English, and Chinese mixed in. The result is a rich, expressive language spoken in the Philippines and throughout the far-reaching Filipino diaspora.

Filipino Tapestry offers an innovative approach to learning language by emphasizing the critical intersection of language and culture. It provides activities and exercises that immerse beginning and intermediate students of Filipino in a variety of authentic situations to simulate an in-country experience. Starting with chapters on such topics as family, friends, and home, it then expands the student’s world in chapters prompting conversation about food, shopping, parties, and pastimes. Its later chapters push learners to discuss city and country life, cultural traditions, religion, history, and politics.

Tagalog Verb Dictionary, co-authored with Rhodalyne Gallo-Crail

Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2011

This handy reference is a concise explanatory text and English-Tagalog/Tagalog-English verb guide designed to address and facilitate the most important aspect of Tagalog language learning—understanding and mastering the complex focal orientation of verbs. It is organized into an accessible pattern illustrating the primary conjugations that establish aspect and actor/object focus for each verb. These verbs are further enhanced by sample sentences demonstrating their usage and introducing common cultural contexts for effective communication. In addition to the verb guide, this text also provides a short history of Tagalog, an extensive explanation of verbal function in the language, and a number of learners’ tips intended to ease and expedite the learning process. Taken together, these materials, along with a persistent willingness to engage the language, will facilitate a quick and effective path to fluency. Whether one is studying within the structured environment of a classroom or independently in their spare time, this book is designed to give special attention to the most critical aspects of Tagalog language learning. Tagalog Verb Dictionary’s orderly and easily accessible layout and neat size make it the ideal companion for students, travelers, and anyone interested in fast fluency in the language.

Tagalog verb dictionary

Articles By Michael Hawkins, Ph.D.

Article

“Undecided Empire: The Travails of Imperial Representation of Filipinos at the Greater America Exposition, 1899″

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

63, no. 3 (Sept. 2015): 341-363.

Abstract

Article

“Life and Times: The Temporal Habitations of R.A. Kartini” 

Kronoscope

14, no. 1 (April 2014): 35-50.

Abstract

Article

“Masculinity Reborn: Chivalry, Misgyony, Potency and Violence in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1899-1914” 

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

44, no. 2 (June 2013): 250-265. 

Abstract

Article

“Frontier Justice, Colonial Justice, and the Spaces in Between in the Southern Philippines, 1898-1913”

Siliman Journal

53, no. 1 (Oct. 2012)

Abstract

Article

“David Barrows and Perceptions of Historical Consciousness in the Colonial Philippines”  

Sojourn: Journal of Southeast Asian Social Issues

27, no. 1 (April 2012): 153-167

Abstract

Article

“Our Present Concern: Historicism, Teleology and Contingent Histories of a More Democratic Global Past” 

Rethinking History

15, no. 3 (September 2011): 373-392.

Abstract

Article

“Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility and Gender in Moro Province in the Wake of Bud Dajo”  

Philippine Studies

58, no. 1 (2011): 81-103

Abstract

Article

“Questions of Victimization and Agency in the Immigrant Experience: A Case Study of Three Chicago-Area Filipina Migrant Laborers”  

Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Science

38, no. 1 (2010) [Ethnography] 

Article

“Rethinking Imperial Impact and Autonomous History in Modern China: A Historiographical Survey”  

Asiatica Venetiana

10/11 (2009): 103-115.

Abstract

Article

“The Maulana’s Message: An Afternoon at the Sharief Alawi Mosque” 

Kinaadman: Journal of Southern Philippines, 

XXX (Dec., 2008): 165-174. [Ethnography]

Article

“Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South” 

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

39, no.3 (Oct. 2008): 411-29.

Article

“Soraya the Converted: A Conversation With a Maranao Muslim Woman in the Southern Philippines,” 

Siliman Journal 

48, no. 1 (Oct., 2007). [Ethnography]

Article

“Muslim Integration in the Philippines: A Historiographical Survey”  

Asia-Pacific Social Sciences Review

8, no. 1 (June, 2008): 19-31.

Article

““Exploring Colonial Boundaries: An Examination of the Kartini-Zeehandelaar Correspondence”  

Asia-Pacific Social Sciences Review

7, no. 2 (Dec., 2007): 1-14.

Article

“Colonial Boundaries: An Exploration of R.A. Kartini’s Reformist Ideologies”  

The South East Asian Review

XXXII, nos. 1-2 (Jan.-Dec., 2007): 1-12.

Article

“Disrupted Historical Trajectories and Indigenous Agency: Rethinking Imperial Impact in Southeast Asian History”  

Sojourn: Journal of Southeast Asian Social Issues

22, no. 2 (Oct., 2007): 274-285.

Article

“Imperialism and Notions of Indigenous Inadequacy in the Philippines”  

Siliman Journal

47, no. 1 (Oct. 2006): 35-47.

Article

“Beginnings of a Promised Land: Jews in Colonial America” 

Americana 

(Winter, 2002): 45-57.

Book Reviews By Michael Hawkins, Ph.D.

2022
  • Appropriating Kartini: Colonial, National and Transnational Memories of an Indonesian Icon, eds., Paul Bijl and Grace V.S. Chin. Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 2020. Reviewed in International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, vol. 18, no. 2 (2022). 
2020
  • Nicole CuUnjieng Aboitiz, Asian Place, Filipino Nation: A Global Intellectual History of the Philippine Revolution, 1887-1912. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. Reviewed in Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia vol. 56, no. 2 (2020): 

 

     

    2020
    • Ronald K. Edgerton, American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warefare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899-1913. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2020. Reviewed in Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints vol. 68, nos. 3, 4 (2020): 518-20.
    2018
    • Vicente L. Rafael, Motherless Tongues: The Insurgency of Language Amid Wars of Translation. Durham: Duke University Press, 2016. Reviewed in The American Historical Review vol. 123, issue 3 (June 2018): 911.
    2014
    • Vernadette Vicuna Gonzalez, Securing Paradise: Tourism and Militarism in Hawai’i and the Philippines. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013. Reviewed in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies vol. 45, no. 3 (Oct. 2014): 467-469.

     

    2013
    • Contestations of Memory in Southeast Asia. Edited by Roxana Waterson and Kwok Kian-Woon. Singapore: NUS Press, 2012. Reviewed in SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia Vol. 28, No. 1 (2013): 152–55
    2000
    • Mark Philipp Bradley, Imagining America and Vietnam: The Making of Post Colonial Vietnam, 1919-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Reviewed in Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 10, vol. 1 (2010): 143-144.
    2006
    • Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Reviewed in Crossroad: An Interdiciplinary Journal of Southeast Asia Studies 19, no. 2 (Fall, 2009): 186-189.
    2005
    • Vicente L. Rafael, Nationalism and the Technics of Translaion in the Philippines. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Reviewed in Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching 12, no. 2 (Fall, 2006).

    Other Publications By Michael Hawkins, Ph.D.

    While the Blanket is Short, Learn to Curl Up. Austin: Plain View Press, 2012. [Short stories from the Philippines and its Diaspora]

    Editorial Consultant, My First Webster’s English-Tagalog Dictionary. Glasglow: Harper Collins Publishing, 2012.

    “Southeast Asian Studies on the American Plains: A Personal View,” The Mandala: Newsletter of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (Northern Illinois University) (Spring/Summer, 2011): 17.

    “Postcolonial Studies in Southeast Asia: A Coversation with Michael Hawkins,” by Tony Do, Asia Pacific Affairs Council Journal, Columbia University (Columbia University) (Winter, 2009): 6, 8.

     

    “Genocide Workshop,” The Mandala: Newsletter of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (Northern Illinois University) (Fall, 2009): 18-19.

    Academic Awards

    Magis Faculty Course Development Grant ($4000), College of Arts and Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Fall, 2016)

    Awarded Top Prize for Best Paper ($250), “Imperial Taxonomies and U.S. Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1898-1913,” Presented at the annual Center for Southeast Asia Studies Conference at Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois (March, 2009)

    Creighton Global Initiative Grant for Exploratory Trip to Develop a FLPA to Hawaii and the Philippines, with Tracy Leavelle and Pamela Runestad ($12,000), Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Summer 2016)

    Large Research Grant, Department of History, Northern Illinois University (awarded April, 2008) $750

    2006-2007 Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS), Northern Illinois University (awarded April, 2006), $15,000

    Magis Faculty Course Adaptation Grant ($300), College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Fall, 2014)

    2008-2009 Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS), Northern Illinois University (awarded April, 2008) $15,000

    2005-2006 Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS), Northern Illinois University (awarded April, 2005), $15,000

    Magis Faculty Research Grant ($4800), College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Summer, 2014)

     

    2007-2008 J. William Fulbright Research Grant, 2007-2008, Philippines (awarded March, 2007) $11,000

    2004 Graduate Assistantship, Department of History, Boise State University

     

    Magis Core Development Grant ($4000), College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (July, 2013)

    Northern Illinois University, Division of Research and Graduate Studies Student of the Year, History, 2006-2007

     

    Selected Conference Papers and Public Lectures

    Keynote address, “People of the Past: Reflections on Locating, Examining, and Representing Historical Subjects in Southeast Asia.” Presented at the Northern Illinois University 2021 Southeast Asian Studiesd Student Conference, Dekalb, IL (Mar. 20, 2021)

    Featured guest, Southeast Asia Crossroads Podcast (Mar. 19, 2021)

    Presenter, “Sensational Savages: Marketing the Moro Village at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904.” Presented at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies Friday Lecture, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL (Mar. 19, 2021)

    Presenter, “Philippine Moros and the ‘Savage Olympics’ of 1904,” Presented at CESH 2019: Youth, Youngsters, and Sports From Antiquity to the Modern Day, Lausanne, Switzerland (Sept. 12-14, 2019)

    Presenter, “Sanitizing the Taboo: Slavery, Polygamy, and the Moro Exhibit at the St. Louis World’s Fair,” Religion and US Empire Seminar, American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Boston, MA (Nov. 17-19, 2017)

    Presenter, “Real News and Alternative Facts: Biases and Narrative Construction as Methodology,” Research From All Angles: The Truth About Lies, Center for Undergraduate Rearch and Scholarship, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Nov. 2, 2017)

    Contributing Expert, “Philippines Economy Maintains Fast Growth,” China Global TV Network interview (July 24, 2017)

    Panel Commentator, “America and Islam in the Philippines,” American and Muslim World, ca. 1500-1900, McNeil Center for Early American Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelpha, PA (Mar. 30-Apr. 1, 2017)

    Panel Chair and Commentator, “US Colonialism in the Philippines: Paradoxes of Governance, Resistence and Identity,” American Studies Association Annual Conference, Denver, CO (Nov. 17-20, 2016)

    “American Colonization of Muslims in the Southern Philippines: Preserving Savagery and Domesticating Voiolence,” presented by invitation at the Asian World Center Faculty Lecture Series, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Oct. 2015) (also recorded and featured on NPR’s “Noon Forum”)

    “Filipinos vs. ‘Filipinos’: Fair Representation at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and Beyond,” presented at Philippine and Filipino Studies: 40 Years Hence: An International Symposium, Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, (April, 2015)

    “Muhammad and the Origins of Islam,” “Institutionalization and its Challenges,” “Islam and Empire,” “The Challenges of Modernity, Identity, and Nation,” A four-part lecture series given by invitation at US Strategic Command (STRATCOM), Offutt Airforce Base, Bellevue, NE (January, 2015)

    “First Showing: Negotiating Empire at the Greater America Exposition, 1899,” Presented by invitation at the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Weekly Lecture Series, Dekalb, Illinois (October, 2014)

    “The Moro Experience at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair,” presented and discussed by invitation at the Kripke Center Seminar on Religion and US Empire, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (October, 2013)

    “Cultural Foundations of China – Philosophical Traditions and the Dynastic System,” “Western Impact, Opium Wars, and Attempts at Recovery,” “Mao’s China – The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution,” “Deng Xiaoping, Reform and Opening, and the Making of Post-Mao China,” A four-part lecture series given by invitation at US Strategic Command (STRATCOM), Offutt Airforce Base, Bellevue, NE (July, 2013)

    “A Historical Review of Western Approaches to Alternate Dispute Resolutions Concerning China and Tibet,” Presented at the 8th Inernational Convention of Asia Scholars, Macao (June, 2013)

    “Preserving Savagery and Domesticating Violence in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1899-1914,” Presented at the 9th International Conference on the Philippines: The Philippines and the World, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI (October, 2012)

    “Replicated Immersion Learning: Intersections of Language and Culture,” Presented by invitation at the USA John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Dec. 2011 Commander’s Offsite, Camp Mackall, North Carolina. Presided over by Maj. Gen. Bennet S. Sacolick, USSF, PSYOPS, etc. (December, 2011)

    “Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility and Gender in the Philippines’ Muslim South (1906),” Presented by invitation at the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Weekly Lecture Series, Dekalb, Illinois (March, 2011)

    “Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility and Gender in the Philippines’ Muslim South (1906),” Presented by invitation at the International Conference on Southeast Europe-Southeast Asia: Islam, Mergers and Margins, Selangor, Malaysia (January, 2011)

     

    “Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility and Gender in Moro Province in the Wake of Bud Dajo,” Presented by invitation at the 2010 American Studies Association Conference, San Antonio, Texas, (November, 2010) [Read by proxy due to travel fund priorities]

    “Making Moros: Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South,” Presented by invitation at the SEASI Brown Bag Series on Contemporary Southeast Asian Politics, Columbia University, New York, New York, (September, 2009)

    “Southeast Asia: A Short History” Presented by invitation at the Asia-Pacific Orientation Conference (APOC), United States Special Operations School, Kedena Air Force Base, Okinawa, Japan, (August, 2009)

    “Islam and Southeast Asia: A Short History” and “Indonesia: History, Geography, and Current Status” Presented by invitation at the Asia-Pacific Orientation Conference (APOC), United State Air Force Special Operations School, Hurlburt Field, FL, (May, 2009)

    “The Next Step: Getting Your Paper Published” A presentation and round table discussion at the NIU History Graduate Association Conference, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois (April, 2009)

    “Our Present Concern: Teleological History and the Current Popularity of Islam in Academic Discourse” Presented at the inaugural Islam at the Edges: Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia Colloquium, co-sponsored by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University and the Center for East European and Russian/Eurasian Studies, The University of Chicago, Dekalb, Illinois (March, 2009)

    “Imperial Taxonomies and U.S. Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1898-1913,” Presented at the annual Center for Southeast Asia Studies Conference at Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois (March, 2009) (Awarded top prize, $250)

    “Looking at the Philippines’ Muslim South Past and Present: A Fulbright Report,” Presented by invitation at the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Weekly Lecture Series, Dekalb, Illinois (January, 2009)

    “Muslim Integration in the Philippines: A Historiographical Review” Presented at the 2008 National Conference on Theories and Practises of Interfaith Dialogue in the Philippines at De la Salle University, Manila, Philippines (April, 2008)

    “Questions of Victimization and Agency: A Case Study of Three Chicago-Area Filipina Migrant Laborers” Public Lecture sponsored by the Silliman Journal and the Center for Research and Development at Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines (November, 2007)

    “Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1898-1913” Presented at the annual Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) Conference in Washington DC (June, 2007)

    “Reifications, Historical Trajectories, Teleology, and Indigenous Agency: Exploring the Delimmas of Southeast Asian History” Presented at the Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Weekly Lecture Series, Dekalb, Illinois (January, 2007)

    “Imperialism and Notions of Indigenous Inadequacy in the Philippines” Presented at the annual Center for Southeast Asian Studies Conference at Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois (February, 2006)